Epidemiology, Treatment and Microbiological Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2
Annual Research & Review in Biology,
Page 114-121
DOI:
10.9734/arrb/2020/v35i530230
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoV) belong to Coronaviridiae family that cause deadly diseases in humans or animals. These viruses are enveloped and have single stranded positive-sense large RNA genome. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes deadly pandemic coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in humans. It is affecting every aspect of humans’ daily life. The symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, loss of smell, shortness of breath, cough, muscles pain, chest pain, and kidney failure that occurs in severe conditions. The virus has spread throughout the world. In India, the estimated number of infected people is more than 1.5 lakh with less fatality rate 2.87% on May 27, 2020 as per the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare data. The studies suggest that virus has been considered descended from the previous viruses as severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome virus (MERS) human and bat corona viruses. Currently, vaccine developments are under clinical trials. The management of emerging infectious diseases is a challenging task. It requires much improved microbiological surveillance system to track and predict the virus infections. The proper study and predictions based on screening of various sources of infection may help us to manage the challenging infections in future. The present review summarizes the characteristics of virus, disease symptoms, epidemiology, transmission, treatment and microbiological surveillance of pandemic COVID-19.
Keywords:
- Coronavirus
- COVID-19
- microbiological surveillance
- pandemic
- SARS-CoV-2
How to Cite
Tripathi, M., & Kumar, S. (2020). Epidemiology, Treatment and Microbiological Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 35(5), 114-121. https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2020/v35i530230
References
Sahin AR, Erdogan A, Mutlu AP, et al. 2019 Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak: A review of the current literature. EJMO. 2020;4(1):1-7.
DOI: 10.14744/ejmo.2020.12220
Kahn JS, McIntosh K. History and recent advances in coronavirus discovery. Ped Infect Dis J. 2005;24(11):223-227.
DOI:10.1097/01.inf.0000188166.17324.60
Tyrrell DA, Almeida JD, Cunningham CH, et al. Coronaviridae. Intervirol. 1975;5:76-82.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000149883
Chen Yu, Liu Q, Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication and pathogenesis. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):418-423.
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25681
Prasad N, Kumar A, Tripathi M. Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in India: a review. EJMI. 2020;4(3):279-283.
DOI: 10.14744/ejmi.2020.38479
Lai MMC, Holmes KV. Coronaviridae: The viruses and their replication. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, Lamb RA, Martin MA, Roizman B, Strais SE (eds): Fields Virology. Lippincott — Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. 2001;1163–1185.
Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, et al. Genomic characterization and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: Implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020; 395:565−574.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(20)30251-8
Du Toit A. Outbreak of a novel coronavirus, Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2020; 18(123).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-0332-0
Paules I, Marston HD, Fauci AS. Coronavirus infections –– more than just the common cold. JAMA. 2020;323(8): 707-708.
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.0757
Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, et al. Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19), In: Treasure Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing; 2020.
Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776
Neuman BW, Adair BD, Yoshioka C, et al. Supramolecular architecture of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus revealed by electron cryomicroscopy. J Virol. 2006;80(16):7918-7928.
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00645-06
Fehr AR, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis, In: Coronaviruses: Methods and Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology (Eds. Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P). Springer. 2015;1282:1-23.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7_1
Zheng Y, Shang J, Yang Y, et al. Lysosomal proteases are a determinant of coronavirus tropism. J Virol. 2018;92 (24):e01504-18.
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01504-18
Alvaro D, Branch E, Challener CA.
Available:https://www.pharmasalmanac.com/articles/covid-19-a-look-at-the-virus-its-epidemiology-therapeutic-and-vaccine-development-efforts-and-impacts-of-the-pandemic)
(Retrieved on 19 April 2020)
WHO.
Available:https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses
(Accessed on 17 April, 2020)
CDC.
Available:https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html
(Accessed on 13 May, 2020)
Doremalen V, Bushmaker Mr, Morris Mr. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Eng J Med; 2020.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2004973
Chan KH, Peiris JSM, Lam SY, et al. The effect of temperature and relative humidity on the viability of the SARS coronavirus. Adv Virol; 2011.
DOI: 10.1155/2011/734690
Altamimi A, Ahmed AE. Climate factors and incidence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Inf Pub Hth; 2019.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2019.11.011
Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579:270–273.
Available:https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200527-covid-19-sitrep-128.pdf?sfvrsn=11720c0a_2, accessed on 28 May, 2020.
Rabaan AA, Al-Ahmed SH, Haque S, et al. 2020. SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-COV: A comparative overview. Infez Med. 2020;28(2):174-184.
Gralinski LE, Baric RS. Molecular pathology of emerging coronavirus infections. J Pathol. 2015;235(2):185-195.
DOI: 10.1002/path.4454
Dagur H, Dhakar S. Genome organization of Covid-19 and emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome Covid-19 outbreak: A pandemic. EJMO. 2020;4(2):107-115.
DOI: 10.14744/ejmo.2020.96781
Le TT, Andreadakis Z, Kumar A, et al. The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nature Rev Drug Dis. 2020; 19:305-306.
DOI: 10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5
McKee DL, Sternberg A, Stange U, et al. Candidate drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Pharmacol Res; 2020.
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104859
Xia S, Liu M, Wang C, et al. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 (previously 2019-nCoV) infection by a highly potent pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting its spike protein that harbors a high capacity to mediate membrane fusion. Cell Res. 2020;30:343–55.
Lin SC, Ho CT, Chuo WH, et al. Effective inhibition of MERS-CoV infection by resveratrol. BMC Infect Dis. 2017; 17(1):144.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2253-8
Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, et al. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hospial Inf. 2020;104:246-251.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022
Parsons L. Takeda begins development of COVID-19 plasma therapy. PMLiVE; 2020.
Ali O, Yasin I. ACE 2 in the context of COVID 19- An opportunity for us or the virus. EJMO. 2020;4(2):137-138.
DOI: 10.14744/ejmo.2020.87844
Rahmati M, Moosavi M. Cytokine-targeted therapy in severely ill COVID-19 patients: options and cautions. EJMO. 2020;4(2): 179-181.
DOI:10.14744/ejmo.2020.72142
Kumar V, Dhanjal JK, Kaul SC, et al. Withanone and caffeic acid phenethyl ester are predicted to interact with main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 and inhibit its activity. J Biomol Stru Dyn; 2020.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1772108
Li X, Geng M, Peng Y, et al. Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. J Pharm Anal. 2020;10:102-108.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pha.2020.03.001
Gupta N, Potdar V, Praaraj I, et al. Laboratory preparedness of SARS-CoV2 testing in India: harnessing a network of virus research and diagnostic laboratories. Indian J Med Res; 2020.
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_594_20
Loeffelholz MJ, Tang Y-W. Laboratory diagnosis of emerging human coronavirus infections–the state of the art. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;9:747-756.
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1745095
Yadav P, Shete-Aich A, Nyayanit DA, et al. Detection of coronaviruses in Pteropus & Rousettus species of bats from different States of India. Indian J Med Res; 2020.
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_763_20
Mourya DT, Sapkal G, Yadav PD, et al. Biorisk assessment for infrastructure & biosafety requirements for the laboratories providing coronavirus SARS-CoV-2/(COVID-19) diagnosis. Indian J Med Res; 2020.
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_763_20
Hafeez A, Ahmad S, Siddqui S, et al. A review of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) diagnosis, treatments and prevention. EJMO. 2020;4(2):116-125.
DOI: 10.14744/ejmo.2020.90853
Available:https://www.who.int/southeastasia/outbreaks-and-emergencies/novel-coronavirus-2019/protective-measures
(Accessed on 31 March, 2020)
DOI: 10.14744/ejmo.2020.12220
Kahn JS, McIntosh K. History and recent advances in coronavirus discovery. Ped Infect Dis J. 2005;24(11):223-227.
DOI:10.1097/01.inf.0000188166.17324.60
Tyrrell DA, Almeida JD, Cunningham CH, et al. Coronaviridae. Intervirol. 1975;5:76-82.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000149883
Chen Yu, Liu Q, Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication and pathogenesis. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):418-423.
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25681
Prasad N, Kumar A, Tripathi M. Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in India: a review. EJMI. 2020;4(3):279-283.
DOI: 10.14744/ejmi.2020.38479
Lai MMC, Holmes KV. Coronaviridae: The viruses and their replication. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, Lamb RA, Martin MA, Roizman B, Strais SE (eds): Fields Virology. Lippincott — Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. 2001;1163–1185.
Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, et al. Genomic characterization and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: Implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020; 395:565−574.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(20)30251-8
Du Toit A. Outbreak of a novel coronavirus, Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2020; 18(123).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-0332-0
Paules I, Marston HD, Fauci AS. Coronavirus infections –– more than just the common cold. JAMA. 2020;323(8): 707-708.
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.0757
Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, et al. Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19), In: Treasure Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing; 2020.
Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776
Neuman BW, Adair BD, Yoshioka C, et al. Supramolecular architecture of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus revealed by electron cryomicroscopy. J Virol. 2006;80(16):7918-7928.
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00645-06
Fehr AR, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis, In: Coronaviruses: Methods and Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology (Eds. Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P). Springer. 2015;1282:1-23.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7_1
Zheng Y, Shang J, Yang Y, et al. Lysosomal proteases are a determinant of coronavirus tropism. J Virol. 2018;92 (24):e01504-18.
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01504-18
Alvaro D, Branch E, Challener CA.
Available:https://www.pharmasalmanac.com/articles/covid-19-a-look-at-the-virus-its-epidemiology-therapeutic-and-vaccine-development-efforts-and-impacts-of-the-pandemic)
(Retrieved on 19 April 2020)
WHO.
Available:https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses
(Accessed on 17 April, 2020)
CDC.
Available:https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html
(Accessed on 13 May, 2020)
Doremalen V, Bushmaker Mr, Morris Mr. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Eng J Med; 2020.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2004973
Chan KH, Peiris JSM, Lam SY, et al. The effect of temperature and relative humidity on the viability of the SARS coronavirus. Adv Virol; 2011.
DOI: 10.1155/2011/734690
Altamimi A, Ahmed AE. Climate factors and incidence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Inf Pub Hth; 2019.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2019.11.011
Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579:270–273.
Available:https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200527-covid-19-sitrep-128.pdf?sfvrsn=11720c0a_2, accessed on 28 May, 2020.
Rabaan AA, Al-Ahmed SH, Haque S, et al. 2020. SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-COV: A comparative overview. Infez Med. 2020;28(2):174-184.
Gralinski LE, Baric RS. Molecular pathology of emerging coronavirus infections. J Pathol. 2015;235(2):185-195.
DOI: 10.1002/path.4454
Dagur H, Dhakar S. Genome organization of Covid-19 and emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome Covid-19 outbreak: A pandemic. EJMO. 2020;4(2):107-115.
DOI: 10.14744/ejmo.2020.96781
Le TT, Andreadakis Z, Kumar A, et al. The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nature Rev Drug Dis. 2020; 19:305-306.
DOI: 10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5
McKee DL, Sternberg A, Stange U, et al. Candidate drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Pharmacol Res; 2020.
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104859
Xia S, Liu M, Wang C, et al. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 (previously 2019-nCoV) infection by a highly potent pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting its spike protein that harbors a high capacity to mediate membrane fusion. Cell Res. 2020;30:343–55.
Lin SC, Ho CT, Chuo WH, et al. Effective inhibition of MERS-CoV infection by resveratrol. BMC Infect Dis. 2017; 17(1):144.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2253-8
Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, et al. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hospial Inf. 2020;104:246-251.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022
Parsons L. Takeda begins development of COVID-19 plasma therapy. PMLiVE; 2020.
Ali O, Yasin I. ACE 2 in the context of COVID 19- An opportunity for us or the virus. EJMO. 2020;4(2):137-138.
DOI: 10.14744/ejmo.2020.87844
Rahmati M, Moosavi M. Cytokine-targeted therapy in severely ill COVID-19 patients: options and cautions. EJMO. 2020;4(2): 179-181.
DOI:10.14744/ejmo.2020.72142
Kumar V, Dhanjal JK, Kaul SC, et al. Withanone and caffeic acid phenethyl ester are predicted to interact with main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 and inhibit its activity. J Biomol Stru Dyn; 2020.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1772108
Li X, Geng M, Peng Y, et al. Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. J Pharm Anal. 2020;10:102-108.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pha.2020.03.001
Gupta N, Potdar V, Praaraj I, et al. Laboratory preparedness of SARS-CoV2 testing in India: harnessing a network of virus research and diagnostic laboratories. Indian J Med Res; 2020.
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_594_20
Loeffelholz MJ, Tang Y-W. Laboratory diagnosis of emerging human coronavirus infections–the state of the art. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;9:747-756.
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1745095
Yadav P, Shete-Aich A, Nyayanit DA, et al. Detection of coronaviruses in Pteropus & Rousettus species of bats from different States of India. Indian J Med Res; 2020.
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_763_20
Mourya DT, Sapkal G, Yadav PD, et al. Biorisk assessment for infrastructure & biosafety requirements for the laboratories providing coronavirus SARS-CoV-2/(COVID-19) diagnosis. Indian J Med Res; 2020.
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_763_20
Hafeez A, Ahmad S, Siddqui S, et al. A review of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) diagnosis, treatments and prevention. EJMO. 2020;4(2):116-125.
DOI: 10.14744/ejmo.2020.90853
Available:https://www.who.int/southeastasia/outbreaks-and-emergencies/novel-coronavirus-2019/protective-measures
(Accessed on 31 March, 2020)
-
Abstract View: 2139 times
PDF Download: 910 times
Download Statistics
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
