Soil Transmitted Helminth Infections among Slum Dwelling Women in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Annual Research & Review in Biology,
Page 95-101
DOI:
10.9734/arrb/2020/v35i830264
Abstract
Aims: The objective of this trial was to establish the prevalence and risk factors relating to soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections among slum dwelling women in Dhaka city, Bangladesh.
Study Design: Cross sectional study.
Place and Duration of the Study: A total of 100 stool samples were collected from Ganaktuli (Hazaribagh) slum of Dhaka city from March to September 2019. Women aged between 21 to 40 years old were part of this study, and only those who had at least one primary school going child were included.
Methodology: The interviewed women were asked to provide their stool samples in the containers supplied by the volunteers, and to fill up a questionnaire regarding their socio-demographic and behavioral practices. Formal Ether Concentration technique was applied to process the stool samples, and detection of helminth eggs was done by microscopy.
Results: Of the hundred women, 87 (87%) were infected with at least one STH. Ascaris lumbricoides (41.38%) showed the highest prevalence followed by Trichuris trichiura (36.78%). Working as day laborers, irregular nail clipping, irregular use of soap after defecation, walking barefoot, using open and common toilet, irregular consumption of antihelminthic drugs were noticed as significant risk factors.
Conclusion: Soil transmitted helminth infection is still a problem in Bangladesh. Proper drug administration and increase of hygiene practices among the slum dwellers are essential to lessen the high prevalence of soil transmitted helminth infections.
Keywords:
- Dhaka
- slum
- women
- stool
- soil transmitted helminths.
How to Cite
Mukutmoni, M., Musa, S., & Hosna, A. (2020). Soil Transmitted Helminth Infections among Slum Dwelling Women in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 35(8), 95-101. https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2020/v35i830264
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Mahmud MA, Spigt M, Bezabih AM, Pavon IL, Dinant GJ, Velasco RB. Efficacy of handwashing with soap and nail clipping on intestinal parasitic infections in school-aged children: A factorial cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2015;12(6):e1001837.
PMID: 26057703
DOI.10.1371/journal.pmed.1001837
Gebrehiwet MG, Medhaniye AA, Alema HB. 2019. Prevalence and associated factors of soil transmitted helminthes among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Maytsebri primary hospital, North Ethiopia. BMC Res. Notes. 2019;12:644.
DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4684-3
Harhay MO, Horton J, Olliaro PL. Epidemiology and control of human gastrointestinal parasites in children. Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther. 2010;8:219–234.
PMID: 20109051
DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.119
Anderson RM, Truscott JE, Pullan RL, Brooker SJ, Hollingsworth TD. How effective is school-based deworming for the community-wide control of soil-transmitted helminths? PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2013;7:e2027.
PMID: 23469293
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002027
Fung IC, Cairncross S. Ascariasis and handwashing. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2009;103(3):215–22.
PMID: 18789465
DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.08.003
Kaliappan SP, George S, Francis MR, Kattula D, Sarkar R, Minz S, et al. Prevalence and clustering of soil-transmitted helminth infections in a tribal area in southern India. Trop. Med. Int. Health. 2013;18:1452- 62.
PMID: 24237860
DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12205
Kassaw MW, Abebe AM, Abate BB, Zemariam AB, Kassie AM. Knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers on prevention and control of intestinal parasitic infestations in Sekota Town, Waghimra Zone, Ethiopia. Pediatric Health Med. Ther. 2020;11:161-169.
PMID: 32607049
DOI: 10.2147/PHMT.S229610
Kamunvi F, Ferguson AG. Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of human intestinal helminths (worms) in two rural communities in Nyanza Province, Western Kenya. East Afr. Med. J. 1993;70(8):482-490.
PMID: 8261967
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001224
Pullan RL, Smith JL, Jasrasaria R, Brooker SJ. Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in 2010. Parasit. Vectors. 2014; 7:37.
PMID: 24447578
DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-37
Hotez PJ, Fenwick A, Savioli L, Molyneux DH. Rescuing the bottom billion through control of neglected tropical diseases. Lancet. 2009;373(9674):1570–1575.
PMID: 19410718
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60233-6
Brooker S, Singhasivanon P, Waikagul J, Supavej S, Kojima S, Takeuchi T, et al. Mapping soil-transmitted helminths in Southeast Asia and implications for parasite control. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 2003;34(1):24–36.
PMID: 12971511
Strunz EC, Addiss DG, Stocks ME, Ogden S, Utzinger J, Freeman MC. Water, sanitation, hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminth infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2014;11(3): e1001620.
PMID: 24667810
Nath TC, Padmawati RS, Murhandarwati EH. Barriers and gaps in utilization and coverage of mass drug administration program against soil-transmitted helminth infection in Bangladesh: An implementation research. J. Infect. Public Health. 2019;12:205-212.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.10.002
Benjamin-Chung J, Nazneen A, Halder AK, Haque R, Siddique A, Uddin MS, et al. The interaction of deworming, improved sanitation, and household flooring with soil-transmitted helminth infection in rural Bangladesh. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2015;9(12):e0004256.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004256
Angeles G, Lance P, Barden-O'Fallon J, Islam N, Mahbub AQM, Nazem N. The 2005 census and mapping of slums in Bangladesh: Design, select results and application. Int. J. Health Geogr. 2009;8: 32-10.
DOI: 1186/1476-072X-8-32
Sclar ED, Garau P, Carolini G. The 21st century health challenge of slums and cities. Lancet. 2005;365:901-903.
PMID: 15752535
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71049-7
Davidson PM, McGrath SJ, Meleis AI, Stern P, Digiacomo M, Dharmendra T, et al. The health of women and girls determines the health and well-being of our modern world: A white paper from the International Council on women’s health issues. Health Care Women Int. 2011; 32(10):870-886.
PMID: 21919625
DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2011.603872
Cheesbrough M. Medical laboratory manual for tropical countries II. Cambridge University, New York; 1987.
Chatterjee KD. In: Parasitology (Protozoology and Helminthology), 12th edn, Chatterjee Medical Publishers, Calcutta; 1980.
Pullan RL, Brooker SJ. The global limits and population at risk of soil-transmitted helminth infections in 2010. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:81.
PMID: 22537799
DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-81
Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF. Tropical infectious diseases: Principles, pathogens and practice. 3rd Edn. Saunders/Elsevier. Edinburgh; 2011.
Nguyen PH, Nguyen KC, Nguyen TD, Le MB, Bern C, Flores R, Martorell R. Intestinal helminth infections among reproductive age women in Vietnam: Prevalence, co-infection and risk factors. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 2006;37(5):865-874.
PMID: 17333727
Suntaravitun P, Dokmaikaw A. Prevalence of intestinal parasites and associated risk factors for infection among rural communities of Chachoengsao Province, Thailand. Korean J. Parasitol. 2018;56(1): 33-39.
PMID: 29529848
DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2018.56.1.33
Nematian J, Nematian E, Gholamrezanezhad A, Asgari AA. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and their relation with socio-economic factors and hygienic habits in Tehran primary school students. Acta Trop. 2004;92(3):179–86.
PMID: 15533285
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2004.06.010
Quihui L, Valencia ME, Crompton DW, Phillips S, Hagan P, Morales G, Díaz-Camacho SP. Role of the employment status and education of mothers in the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Mexican rural schoolchildren. BMC Public Health. 2006; 6:225.
PMID: 16956417
DOI.10.1186/1471-2458-6-225
Greenland K, Dixon R, Khan SA, Gunawardena K, Kihara JH, Smith JL, et al. The Epidemiology of soil-transmitted helminths in Bihar State, India. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2015;9(5):e0003790.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003790
Belyhun Y, Medhin G, Amberbir A, Erko B, Hanlon C, Alem A, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for soil transmitted helminth infection in mothers and their infants in Butajira, Ethiopia: A population based study. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:21.
PMID: 20085635 23
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-21
Gunawardena K, Kumarendran B, Ebenezer R, Gunasingha MS, Pathmeswaran A, de Silva N. Soil transmitted helminth infections among plantation sector schoolchildren in Sri Lanka: prevalence after ten years of preventive chemotherapy. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2011;5(9):e1341.
PMID: 21980549
DOI: 10.1371/journal. pntd.0001341
Northrop-Clewes CA, Rousham EK, Mascie-Taylor CGN, Lunn PG. Anthelmintic treatment of rural Bangladeshi children: Effect on host physiology, growth, and biochemical status. American J. Clin. Nutr. 2001;73(1):53–60.
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/73.1.53
Hall A, Nahar Q. Albendazole and infections with Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura in children in Bangladesh. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1994;88(1):110–112.
DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(94)90525-8
Mahmud MA, Spigt M, Bezabih AM, Pavon IL, Dinant GJ, Velasco RB. Efficacy of handwashing with soap and nail clipping on intestinal parasitic infections in school-aged children: A factorial cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2015;12(6):e1001837.
PMID: 26057703
DOI.10.1371/journal.pmed.1001837
Gebrehiwet MG, Medhaniye AA, Alema HB. 2019. Prevalence and associated factors of soil transmitted helminthes among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Maytsebri primary hospital, North Ethiopia. BMC Res. Notes. 2019;12:644.
DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4684-3
Harhay MO, Horton J, Olliaro PL. Epidemiology and control of human gastrointestinal parasites in children. Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther. 2010;8:219–234.
PMID: 20109051
DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.119
Anderson RM, Truscott JE, Pullan RL, Brooker SJ, Hollingsworth TD. How effective is school-based deworming for the community-wide control of soil-transmitted helminths? PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2013;7:e2027.
PMID: 23469293
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002027
Fung IC, Cairncross S. Ascariasis and handwashing. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2009;103(3):215–22.
PMID: 18789465
DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.08.003
Kaliappan SP, George S, Francis MR, Kattula D, Sarkar R, Minz S, et al. Prevalence and clustering of soil-transmitted helminth infections in a tribal area in southern India. Trop. Med. Int. Health. 2013;18:1452- 62.
PMID: 24237860
DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12205
Kassaw MW, Abebe AM, Abate BB, Zemariam AB, Kassie AM. Knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers on prevention and control of intestinal parasitic infestations in Sekota Town, Waghimra Zone, Ethiopia. Pediatric Health Med. Ther. 2020;11:161-169.
PMID: 32607049
DOI: 10.2147/PHMT.S229610
Kamunvi F, Ferguson AG. Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of human intestinal helminths (worms) in two rural communities in Nyanza Province, Western Kenya. East Afr. Med. J. 1993;70(8):482-490.
PMID: 8261967
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