Studies on the Antibacterial Susceptibility of Uropathogens to Senna alata Extracts in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
Annual Research & Review in Biology,
Page 39-60
DOI:
10.9734/arrb/2022/v37i1230556
Abstract
Background: Senna alata is an underutilized shrub found in many countries and is known for its traditional use in the treatment of dermatophytes and other related diseases. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the phytochemical and antibacterial effects of S. alata leaves extracts against bacterial isolates obtained from urinary tract infection patients in Calabar.
Methodology: Matured fresh leaves of Senna alata were collected within Calabar, Cross River state, Nigeria, in May 2022 and identified by a botanist in the Department of Botany, University of Calabar. The leaves of S. alata were extracted with water, methanol and ethyl acetate using maceration and soxhlet methods. Phytochemical analysis was conducted to detect the presence of bioactive compounds using standard methods. The crude extracts of S. alata were investigated for antibacterial properties using agar well diffusion method and mechanisms of antibiosis determined using MBC/MIC ratio.
Results: In both methods of extraction, methanol yielded more extracts compared to other solvents. Soxhlet methanol extract (SaMeSh) had the highest (12.21%) percentage yield while maceration ethyl acetate extract (SaEaMa) had the least (4.77%) percentage yield. The phytochemicals assayed revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, terpenoids and steroids. However, terpenoids was not detected in methanol and ethyl acetate extracts. Senna alata extracts demonstrated broad spectrum of activity against the tested isolates at various concentrations with organic solvents exhibiting the highest antibacterial activity. However, the observed activity varied with respect to concentration of extract and types of organisms. The MIC values ranged from 31.25 to 250 mg/mL and MBC values from 62.5 to 500 mg/mL. The MIC index of the crude extracts against the test uropathogens was ≤8.
Conclusion: This study indicates that S. alata could be a source of novel antimicrobial agent. Further research is required to isolate, characterize and identify bioactive constituents responsible for the observed activity.
Keywords:
- Uropathogens
- Senna alata
- antibacterial susceptibility
- urinary tract infection
How to Cite
Bassey, E. E., Alaribe, A. A. A., Ikpi, E. E., & Thomas, P. S. (2022). Studies on the Antibacterial Susceptibility of Uropathogens to Senna alata Extracts in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 37(12), 39-60. https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2022/v37i1230556
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DOI: 10.11648/j.ab.20170505.14.
Abiolu OA. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in southwestern Nigeria and traditional healers’ perception of indigenous knowledge digitization. Inkanyiso Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. 2018;10(1):90-102.
Aslam MS. Application of genus Cassia in the treatment of constipation: A systematic review [version 1; referees: Awaiting peer review]. F1000Research. 2019;8:256.
Available:https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.17893.1.
Chukwuma EC, Soladoye MO, Feyisola RT. Traditional medicine and the future of medicinal plants in Nigeria. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. 2015;3(4):23- 29.
Uwazie JN, Yakubu MT, Ashafa AOT, Ajiboye TO. Identification of characterization of anti-diabetic principle in Senna alata (Linn) flower using alloxan-induced diabetic male Wister rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2020;261(28).
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112997.
Oluwole SO, Funmilayo EA, Abimbola PO, Deborah TB. Ethnobotanical description and biological activities of Senna alata. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2020.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2580259.
Angaye TCN, Konmeze O, Seibokuro B, Adulphus P. Biolarvicidal control of malaria using solvent extracts of Senna alata. MOJ Toxicology. 2019;5(1):40-42.
Edwin UPM, Nyiutaha IG, Essien AE, Nnamdi OK, Sunday EM. Larvicidal effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Senna alata on Anopheles gambiae, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013;26(3):561-566.
Josué WP, Nadia NAC, Claire KM, Jeannette Y, Mbida M. In vitro sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates to methanolic and aqueous extracts of Cassia alata (Fabaceae). Alternative and Integretive Medicine. 2014;3(2):159.
DOI:10.4172/2327-5162.1000159.
Komlaga G, Agyare C, Dickson RA, Mensah MLK, Annan K, Loiseau PM, Champy P. Medicinal plants and finished marketed herbal products used in the treatment of malaria in the Ashanti region, Ghana. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2015;172(2015):333–346.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.041.
Guerra F, Ansari AA, Kurup R, Subramanian G. Antifungal activity of Senna alata, Senna bicapsularis and Pityrogramma calomelanos. Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research. 2020;10(3):11-21.
DOI: 10.9734/JOCAMR/2020/v10i330164.
Legaspi CLB, Maramba-Lazarte CC. The phytochemical content and the in vitro antifungal properties of Senna alata (Linn.) Roxb: A Review. ACTA Medica Philippina. 2020;54(1):86-93.
Saidin SH, Ali NAM, Hirmizi NM, Yusoff N, Abdullah Z, Markandan S, et al. Skin care active ingredients from Senna alata (L.) Roxb extracts. Asian Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2019;3(1):23-31.
Matthew OA, Gambo NN. Phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity of the leaf of Cassia alata Linn. Chemistry and Materials Research. 2013;3(3):96-101.
Kanedi M, Rokiban A, Widodo S, Nopiyansah, Isbiyantoro, Fauziah L. Healing effect of leaf extract of Candlebush (Cassia alata L.) on cutaneous wound infected with Trichophyton rubrum. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences. 2016;2(5):42-50.
Nasution SLR, Putri M, Hulu W, Girsang E, Nasution AN. Healing potential of Senna alata leaves extract in Rats. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(5) :127-136.
DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2707605.
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