Effect of Primary, Secondary and Micro Nutrients on Maize Yield in the Wenchi Municipality, Ghana
Annual Research & Review in Biology,
Page 21-32
DOI:
10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i830600
Abstract
One of the major constraints related to maize (Zea mays L.) productivity is low soil fertility related mainly to continuous cropping without replenishment of depleted nutrients. In view of this, this study sought to assess the effect of different combinations of primary and secondary nutrients on the yield of maize in the Wenchi Municipality in the Brong-Ahafo Region. Five treatments - Control (T1), NPK (T2), NPK + S + Mg + Ca+ B + Cu + Mo+ Zn (T3), Manure (T4) and T3 + Manure (T5) - were tested in a field experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates. The test crop was Lake 601 maize variety.
Data for the research was collected on total number of plants, stalk weight, hurst weight, cob weight, grain weight Nutrient Use Efficiency and Economic Viability. The data was analysed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) on all measured parameters and the results were presented in graphs. From the results gathered, it was realized that the application of NPK + Sec_MN had a more positive impact on dry shoot weight and grain weight.
The results obtained from the field experiment also indicated that it was more efficient to combine both NPK and secondary nutrients in maize production compared to applying the other treatments assessed in the study; such that, the combined effect gave more yield and subsequently generated more money (income).
Based on the results obtained in the research, it was recommended that; much attention should be given to T3 (NPK + Sec_MN). Possibly, different doses of this treatment should be further tested to know the actual extent at which the secondary nutrients and the NPK can be combined to give the maximum yield. Similar research should also be staged at a different location to know whether similar results would be obtained.
Keywords:
- Economic Viability
- soil fertility
- analysis of variance
- Zea mays
How to Cite
Abednego, B., Bationo, A., & Ahenkan, P. (2023). Effect of Primary, Secondary and Micro Nutrients on Maize Yield in the Wenchi Municipality, Ghana. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 38(8), 21-32. https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i830600
References
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Onasanya RO, Aiyelari OP, Onasanya A, Oikeh S, Nwilene FE, Oyelakin OO. Growth and yield response of maize (Zea mays L.) to different rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in southern Nigeria. World J. Agric. Sci. 2009;5(4):400-407.
Olaniyan AB, Lucas EO. Effect of periodic reduction in density of planting on yield of maize genotypes in south western Nigeria. Res. Crops J. 2015;3(2):315-321.
Buresh RJ, Smithson PC, Heliums DT. Building soil phosphorus capital in Africa. In RJ. Buresh et al. (ed.) Replenishing soil fertility in Africa. SSSA Spec. Publ. 51. SSSA, Madison, WI (this publication). 1997;111-149.
Uzoh IM, Obalum SE, Ene J. Mineralization rate constants, half-lives and effects of two organic amendments on maize yield and carbon-nitrogen status of loamy Ultisol in southeastern Nigeria. Agro-Science. 2015;14(3):35-40.
Burke WJ, Jayne TS, Black JR. Factors explaining the low and variable profitability of fertilizer application to maize in Zambia. Agricultural economics. 2017;48(1):115-126.
Zhang Y, Li C, Wang Y, Hu Y, Christie P, Zhang J, Li X. Maize yield and soil fertility with combined use of compost and inorganic fertilizers on a calcareous soil on the North China Plain. Soil and Tillage Research. 2016;155;85-94.
Dong YJ, He MR, Wang ZL, Chen WF, Hou J, Qiu XK, Zhang JW. Effects of new coated release fertilizer on the growth of maize. Journal of soil science and plant nutrition. 2016;16(3):637-649.
Brar BS, Singh J, Singh G, Kaur G. Effects of long term application of inorganic and organic fertilizers on soil organic carbon and physical properties in maize–wheat rotation. Agronomy. 2015;5(2):220-238..
Abate T, Shiferaw B, Menkir A, Wegary D, Kebede Y, Tesfaye K, Keno T. Factors that transformed maize productivity in Ethiopia. Food security. 2015;7:965-981.
Ha N, Feike T, Back H, Xiao H, Bahrs E. The effect of simple nitrogen fertilizer recommendation strategies on product carbon footprint and gross margin of wheat and maize production in the North China Plain. Journal of environmental management. 2015;163:146-154.
Hartmann TE, Yue S, Schulz R, He X, Chen X, Zhang F, Müller T. Yield and N use efficiency of a maize–wheat cropping system as affected by different fertilizer management strategies in a farmer's field of the North China Plain. Field Crops Research. 2015;174:30-39.
Al-Naggar AMM, Shabana RA, Atta MM, Al-Khalil TH. Maize response to elevated plant density combined with lowered N-fertilizer rate is genotype-dependent. The Crop Journal. 2015;3(2):96-109.
Mustonen A, Niemelä S, Nordström T, Murray GK, Mäki P, Jääskeläinen E, Miettunen J. Adolescent cannabis use, baseline prodromal symptoms and the risk of psychosis. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2012;212: 227–233.
Balemi T, Negisho K. Management of soil phosphorus and plant adaptation mechanisms to phosphorus stress for sustainable crop production: a review. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 2012;12:547–561.
Ranum P, Peña‐Rosas JP, Garcia‐Casal MN. Global maize production, utilization, and consumption. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2014;1312(1):105-112.
Frenstein O, Jaleta M, Sonder K, Mottaleb K, Prasanna BM. Global maize production, consumption and trade: Trends and R&D implications. Food Security. 2022;14(5): 1295-1319.
Cairns JE, Hellin J, Sonder K, Araus JL, MacRobert JF, Thierfelder C, Prasanna BM. Adapting maize production to climate change in sub-Saharan Africa. Food Security. 2013;5:345-360.
Ayodele OJ, Omotosho SO. Nutrient management for maize production in soils of the savannah zone of southwestern Nigeria. International Journal of Soil Science. 2008;3:20-27.
Adekayode FO, Ogunkoya MO. Effect of quantity and placement distances of inorganic 15-15- 15 fertilizer in improving soil fertility status and the performance and yield of maize in a tropical rain forest zone of Nigeria. America-Eurasian J. Agric. And Environ. Sci. 2010;7(2):122-129.
Isitekhale HHE, Aboh SI, Oseghale ES. Sulphur status of some soils in Edo State, Nigeria. Int. J. Scientific Technol. Res. 2013;2(5):91-95.
Muhammad I, Muhammad JK, Amjad A, Amanullah J, Sajida P. Effect of Phosphorus and Sulfur on the yield and nutrient uptake of maize. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences. 2015;4(3):244-252.
Akande MO, Makinde EA, Oluwatoyinbo FI, Adetunji MT. Effects of phosphate rock application on dry matter yield and phosphorus recovery of maize and cowpea grown in sequence. Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010;4(5):293-303.
Shanti KVP, Rao MR, Reddy MS, Sarma RS. Response of maize (Zea mays) hybrid and composite to different levels of nitrogen. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 1997;67:424-425.
Haque MM, Hamid A, Bhuiyan NI. Nutrient uptake and productivity as affected by nitrogen and potassium application levels in maize/sweet potato intercropping system. Korean Journal of Crop Sciences. 2001;46(1):1-5.
Bradey NC. The nature and properties of soils, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, NY, USA; 1984.
Bashir MK. The determinants of rural household food security in the Punjab, Pakistan: An econometric analysis. Working paper 1203, School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; 2012.
Tisdale SL, Nelson WL, Beaten JD. Zinc In soil Fertility and Fertilizers. Fourth edition, New York: Macmillan Publishing Company; 1984.
Marschner H. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Second edition. London: Academic Press, £29.95 (paperback). 1995;889.
Xia L, Kent B, Monroe B. Comparative Others, Trust, and Perceived Price Fairness. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of Society of Consumer Psychology, San Francisco; February 20, 2004.
Adetunji MT, J, Adepetu A. Sulphur fertilization requirements of Southwestern Nigerian soils. Ife J. of Agric Res. 1989; 11:23-30.
Choudhary HP, Das SK. Effect of P, S and Mo application on yield of rain-fed blackgram and their residual effect on safflower and soil and water conservation in eroded soil. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 1996;44:741-745.
Jaliya MM, Chiezey UF, Tanimu B, Odunze AC, Othman MK, Babaji BA, Sani BM, Mani H. Effects of nitrogen and sulfur fertilizers on nitrogen content in soil, ear leaf, flag leaf and grain of QPM maize varieties at Samaru Zaria. Journal of Agricultural Science. 2012;4(5):217-222.
Ray RW, Mughogho SK. Sulphur nutrition of maize in four regions of Malawi. Agronomy Journal. 2000;92:649–656.
Kumawat BL, Pathan ARK, Chauhan R. Response of taramira to sulphur and phosphorus application on Typic Psamment. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 2004;52(4):476-478.
Islam MN, Hoque S, Islam A. Effect of P and S interactions on nutrient concentration and yield of wheat, rice and mungbean. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 2006; 54:86-91.
Adetunji MT. Effect of lime and phosphorus application on the sulphate adsorption capacity of southwestern Nigerian soils. Ife J. Agric. Res. 1991;13:11-20.
Rego TJ, Sahrawat KL, Wani SP, Pardhasaradhi G. Widespread deficiencies of sulfur, boron and zinc in Indian semi-arid tropical soils: on-farm crop. J Plant Nutri. 2007;30:1569-1583.
Bakry MA, Soliman YR, Moussa SA. Importance of micronutrients, organic manure and bio-fertilizer for improving maize yield and its components grown in desert sandy soils. Res. J Agric. and Biol. Sci. 2009;5:16-23.
Singh RN, Nath NN, Singh SK, Mohan TK, Shahh JP. Effect of agronomic management practices on growth, yield and quality of kharif maize (Zea mays L.) under excessive moisture conditions. Crop Res. 2009;32(3):302-305.
Azhar G. Influence of Integrated Nutrients on Growth, Yield and Quality of Maize (Zea mays L.). Am. J Plant Sci. 2011;2:63-69.
Cakmak I. Tansley review No. 111 possible roles of zinc in protecting plant cells from damage by reactive oxygen species. The New Phytologist. 2000;146(2):185-205.
Muthukumararaja TM, Sriramachandrasekharan MV. Effect of zinc on yield, zinc nutrition and zinc use efficiency of lowland rice. Journal of Agricultural Technology. 2012;8(2): 551-561.
Kumar A, Kumar A, Devi S, Patil S, Payal C, Negi S. Isolation, screening and characterization of bacteria from Rhizospheric soils for different plant growth promotion (PGP) activities: An In vitro study. Recent Research in Science and Technology. 2012;4(1):1-5.
Brown PH, Cakmak I, Zhang Q. Forms and function of zinc in plants. Zinc in soils and plants. In: A.D. Robson (ed). Kluwar Academic Publishers, Dordecht, The Netherlands, 1993;93-1-6.
Hnamte L, Lalrammawia C, Gopichand B. Effect of NPK fertilizer on growth and yield of maize under different jhum cycles in Mizoram. India: Department of Forestry, Mizoram University; 2016.
Remison SU, Eifediy EK. Effects of different organic materials and NPK fertilizer on the performance of maize. Poljoprivreda. 2014;20(1):16-12.
Rop K, Karuku GN, Mbui D, Njomo N, Michira I. Evaluating the effects of formulated nano-NPK slow release fertilizer composite on the performance and yield of maize, kale and capsicum. Annals of Agricultural Sciences. 2019; 64(1):9-19.
Chukwuka K, Ajala S, Nwosu PC, Omotayo OE. Effects of NPK single fertilizers on relative growth performances of two cycles of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in a degraded soil of Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Agronomy; 2015.
Gul S, Khan MH, Khanday BA, Nabi S. Effect of sowing methods and NPK levels on growth and yield of rainfed maize (Zea mays L.). Scientifica; 2015.
Onwudiwe N, Benedict OU, Ogbonna PE, Ejiofor EE. Municipal solid waste and NPK fertilizer effects on soil physical properties and maize performance in Nsukka, Southeast Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2014;13(1):68-75.
Heuchan S. Plant stimuli-responsive biodegradable polymers for the use in timed release fertilizer coatings (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Western Ontario (Canada)); 2018.
Morris M, Kelly V, Kopicki RJ, Byerlee D. Fertilizer Use in African Agriculture:
Lessons Learned and Good Practice Guidelines. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank; 2007.
Kelly VA. Factors Affecting Demand for Fertilizer in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, D.C.: World Bank; 2006.
Ehsanullah TA, Randhawa MA, Anjum SA, Nadeem M, Naeem M. Exploring the role of zinc in maize (Zea mays L.) through soil and foliar application. Universal Journal of Agricultural Research. 2015;3(3):69-75.
Mamatha BS, Arunkumar R, Baskaran V. Effect of processing on major carotenoid levels in corn (Zea mays) and selected vegetables: Bioavailability of lutein and zeaxanthin from processed corn in mice. Food and Bioprocess Technology. 2012; 5:1355-1363.
Onasanya RO, Aiyelari OP, Onasanya A, Oikeh S, Nwilene FE, Oyelakin OO. Growth and yield response of maize (Zea mays L.) to different rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in southern Nigeria. World J. Agric. Sci. 2009;5(4):400-407.
Olaniyan AB, Lucas EO. Effect of periodic reduction in density of planting on yield of maize genotypes in south western Nigeria. Res. Crops J. 2015;3(2):315-321.
Buresh RJ, Smithson PC, Heliums DT. Building soil phosphorus capital in Africa. In RJ. Buresh et al. (ed.) Replenishing soil fertility in Africa. SSSA Spec. Publ. 51. SSSA, Madison, WI (this publication). 1997;111-149.
Uzoh IM, Obalum SE, Ene J. Mineralization rate constants, half-lives and effects of two organic amendments on maize yield and carbon-nitrogen status of loamy Ultisol in southeastern Nigeria. Agro-Science. 2015;14(3):35-40.
Burke WJ, Jayne TS, Black JR. Factors explaining the low and variable profitability of fertilizer application to maize in Zambia. Agricultural economics. 2017;48(1):115-126.
Zhang Y, Li C, Wang Y, Hu Y, Christie P, Zhang J, Li X. Maize yield and soil fertility with combined use of compost and inorganic fertilizers on a calcareous soil on the North China Plain. Soil and Tillage Research. 2016;155;85-94.
Dong YJ, He MR, Wang ZL, Chen WF, Hou J, Qiu XK, Zhang JW. Effects of new coated release fertilizer on the growth of maize. Journal of soil science and plant nutrition. 2016;16(3):637-649.
Brar BS, Singh J, Singh G, Kaur G. Effects of long term application of inorganic and organic fertilizers on soil organic carbon and physical properties in maize–wheat rotation. Agronomy. 2015;5(2):220-238..
Abate T, Shiferaw B, Menkir A, Wegary D, Kebede Y, Tesfaye K, Keno T. Factors that transformed maize productivity in Ethiopia. Food security. 2015;7:965-981.
Ha N, Feike T, Back H, Xiao H, Bahrs E. The effect of simple nitrogen fertilizer recommendation strategies on product carbon footprint and gross margin of wheat and maize production in the North China Plain. Journal of environmental management. 2015;163:146-154.
Hartmann TE, Yue S, Schulz R, He X, Chen X, Zhang F, Müller T. Yield and N use efficiency of a maize–wheat cropping system as affected by different fertilizer management strategies in a farmer's field of the North China Plain. Field Crops Research. 2015;174:30-39.
Al-Naggar AMM, Shabana RA, Atta MM, Al-Khalil TH. Maize response to elevated plant density combined with lowered N-fertilizer rate is genotype-dependent. The Crop Journal. 2015;3(2):96-109.
Mustonen A, Niemelä S, Nordström T, Murray GK, Mäki P, Jääskeläinen E, Miettunen J. Adolescent cannabis use, baseline prodromal symptoms and the risk of psychosis. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2012;212: 227–233.
Balemi T, Negisho K. Management of soil phosphorus and plant adaptation mechanisms to phosphorus stress for sustainable crop production: a review. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 2012;12:547–561.
Ranum P, Peña‐Rosas JP, Garcia‐Casal MN. Global maize production, utilization, and consumption. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2014;1312(1):105-112.
Frenstein O, Jaleta M, Sonder K, Mottaleb K, Prasanna BM. Global maize production, consumption and trade: Trends and R&D implications. Food Security. 2022;14(5): 1295-1319.
Cairns JE, Hellin J, Sonder K, Araus JL, MacRobert JF, Thierfelder C, Prasanna BM. Adapting maize production to climate change in sub-Saharan Africa. Food Security. 2013;5:345-360.
Ayodele OJ, Omotosho SO. Nutrient management for maize production in soils of the savannah zone of southwestern Nigeria. International Journal of Soil Science. 2008;3:20-27.
Adekayode FO, Ogunkoya MO. Effect of quantity and placement distances of inorganic 15-15- 15 fertilizer in improving soil fertility status and the performance and yield of maize in a tropical rain forest zone of Nigeria. America-Eurasian J. Agric. And Environ. Sci. 2010;7(2):122-129.
Isitekhale HHE, Aboh SI, Oseghale ES. Sulphur status of some soils in Edo State, Nigeria. Int. J. Scientific Technol. Res. 2013;2(5):91-95.
Muhammad I, Muhammad JK, Amjad A, Amanullah J, Sajida P. Effect of Phosphorus and Sulfur on the yield and nutrient uptake of maize. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences. 2015;4(3):244-252.
Akande MO, Makinde EA, Oluwatoyinbo FI, Adetunji MT. Effects of phosphate rock application on dry matter yield and phosphorus recovery of maize and cowpea grown in sequence. Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010;4(5):293-303.
Shanti KVP, Rao MR, Reddy MS, Sarma RS. Response of maize (Zea mays) hybrid and composite to different levels of nitrogen. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 1997;67:424-425.
Haque MM, Hamid A, Bhuiyan NI. Nutrient uptake and productivity as affected by nitrogen and potassium application levels in maize/sweet potato intercropping system. Korean Journal of Crop Sciences. 2001;46(1):1-5.
Bradey NC. The nature and properties of soils, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, NY, USA; 1984.
Bashir MK. The determinants of rural household food security in the Punjab, Pakistan: An econometric analysis. Working paper 1203, School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; 2012.
Tisdale SL, Nelson WL, Beaten JD. Zinc In soil Fertility and Fertilizers. Fourth edition, New York: Macmillan Publishing Company; 1984.
Marschner H. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Second edition. London: Academic Press, £29.95 (paperback). 1995;889.
Xia L, Kent B, Monroe B. Comparative Others, Trust, and Perceived Price Fairness. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of Society of Consumer Psychology, San Francisco; February 20, 2004.
Adetunji MT, J, Adepetu A. Sulphur fertilization requirements of Southwestern Nigerian soils. Ife J. of Agric Res. 1989; 11:23-30.
Choudhary HP, Das SK. Effect of P, S and Mo application on yield of rain-fed blackgram and their residual effect on safflower and soil and water conservation in eroded soil. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 1996;44:741-745.
Jaliya MM, Chiezey UF, Tanimu B, Odunze AC, Othman MK, Babaji BA, Sani BM, Mani H. Effects of nitrogen and sulfur fertilizers on nitrogen content in soil, ear leaf, flag leaf and grain of QPM maize varieties at Samaru Zaria. Journal of Agricultural Science. 2012;4(5):217-222.
Ray RW, Mughogho SK. Sulphur nutrition of maize in four regions of Malawi. Agronomy Journal. 2000;92:649–656.
Kumawat BL, Pathan ARK, Chauhan R. Response of taramira to sulphur and phosphorus application on Typic Psamment. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 2004;52(4):476-478.
Islam MN, Hoque S, Islam A. Effect of P and S interactions on nutrient concentration and yield of wheat, rice and mungbean. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 2006; 54:86-91.
Adetunji MT. Effect of lime and phosphorus application on the sulphate adsorption capacity of southwestern Nigerian soils. Ife J. Agric. Res. 1991;13:11-20.
Rego TJ, Sahrawat KL, Wani SP, Pardhasaradhi G. Widespread deficiencies of sulfur, boron and zinc in Indian semi-arid tropical soils: on-farm crop. J Plant Nutri. 2007;30:1569-1583.
Bakry MA, Soliman YR, Moussa SA. Importance of micronutrients, organic manure and bio-fertilizer for improving maize yield and its components grown in desert sandy soils. Res. J Agric. and Biol. Sci. 2009;5:16-23.
Singh RN, Nath NN, Singh SK, Mohan TK, Shahh JP. Effect of agronomic management practices on growth, yield and quality of kharif maize (Zea mays L.) under excessive moisture conditions. Crop Res. 2009;32(3):302-305.
Azhar G. Influence of Integrated Nutrients on Growth, Yield and Quality of Maize (Zea mays L.). Am. J Plant Sci. 2011;2:63-69.
Cakmak I. Tansley review No. 111 possible roles of zinc in protecting plant cells from damage by reactive oxygen species. The New Phytologist. 2000;146(2):185-205.
Muthukumararaja TM, Sriramachandrasekharan MV. Effect of zinc on yield, zinc nutrition and zinc use efficiency of lowland rice. Journal of Agricultural Technology. 2012;8(2): 551-561.
Kumar A, Kumar A, Devi S, Patil S, Payal C, Negi S. Isolation, screening and characterization of bacteria from Rhizospheric soils for different plant growth promotion (PGP) activities: An In vitro study. Recent Research in Science and Technology. 2012;4(1):1-5.
Brown PH, Cakmak I, Zhang Q. Forms and function of zinc in plants. Zinc in soils and plants. In: A.D. Robson (ed). Kluwar Academic Publishers, Dordecht, The Netherlands, 1993;93-1-6.
Hnamte L, Lalrammawia C, Gopichand B. Effect of NPK fertilizer on growth and yield of maize under different jhum cycles in Mizoram. India: Department of Forestry, Mizoram University; 2016.
Remison SU, Eifediy EK. Effects of different organic materials and NPK fertilizer on the performance of maize. Poljoprivreda. 2014;20(1):16-12.
Rop K, Karuku GN, Mbui D, Njomo N, Michira I. Evaluating the effects of formulated nano-NPK slow release fertilizer composite on the performance and yield of maize, kale and capsicum. Annals of Agricultural Sciences. 2019; 64(1):9-19.
Chukwuka K, Ajala S, Nwosu PC, Omotayo OE. Effects of NPK single fertilizers on relative growth performances of two cycles of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in a degraded soil of Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Agronomy; 2015.
Gul S, Khan MH, Khanday BA, Nabi S. Effect of sowing methods and NPK levels on growth and yield of rainfed maize (Zea mays L.). Scientifica; 2015.
Onwudiwe N, Benedict OU, Ogbonna PE, Ejiofor EE. Municipal solid waste and NPK fertilizer effects on soil physical properties and maize performance in Nsukka, Southeast Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2014;13(1):68-75.
Heuchan S. Plant stimuli-responsive biodegradable polymers for the use in timed release fertilizer coatings (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Western Ontario (Canada)); 2018.
Morris M, Kelly V, Kopicki RJ, Byerlee D. Fertilizer Use in African Agriculture:
Lessons Learned and Good Practice Guidelines. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank; 2007.
Kelly VA. Factors Affecting Demand for Fertilizer in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, D.C.: World Bank; 2006.
Ehsanullah TA, Randhawa MA, Anjum SA, Nadeem M, Naeem M. Exploring the role of zinc in maize (Zea mays L.) through soil and foliar application. Universal Journal of Agricultural Research. 2015;3(3):69-75.
Mamatha BS, Arunkumar R, Baskaran V. Effect of processing on major carotenoid levels in corn (Zea mays) and selected vegetables: Bioavailability of lutein and zeaxanthin from processed corn in mice. Food and Bioprocess Technology. 2012; 5:1355-1363.
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