Acute and Sub-chronic Toxicity of Aqueous Extract of Roots of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. in Mice and Rats Respectively
Annual Research & Review in Biology,
Page 33-46
DOI:
10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i830601
Abstract
Aim: Khaya senegalensis is one of the key medicinal plants used discretionarily in traditional medicine as remedies to several health conditions. This study aimed to establish the safety of Khaya senegalensis root aqueous extract in experimental animals with the purpose of optimizing its therapeutic value.
Methodology: A total of 74 animals (20 rats and 54 mice) were randomly assigned into two main groups based on toxicity plan; acute and sub-chronic toxicity. Mice were divided into 9 groups (6 per group) for the acute toxicity study while rats were divided into 4 groups (5 per group) for sub-chronic toxicity assessment.
Results: The acute concentrations of the extract in mice induced dose-dependent clinical signs severities such as: twitching, increase rate of respiration, sedation, abdominal muscle contractions and increased motor activity. The lethal dose 50 value of the extract was estimated as 320mg/ kg body. The sub-chronic concentrated grades in the rats especially the higher doses elicited significantly increased serum liver enzymes values when compared to the control, while at low dose the values were comparable to that of the control. Also observed were the evidences of renal cellular pathology ranging from mild to severe tubular cell degeneration, tubular cell depletion and congestion of the renal cortex. The liver pathologies such as hepatic portal congestion, cytoplasmic vacuolations and nuclear degeneration were strikingly visible mostly at the higher doses. The lymphocyte and platelet counts were the only haematological parameters that increased significantly more particularly at low dose when compared with the control.
Conclusion: This study has shown that Khaya senegalensis seems to be safe only at low doses. However, caution should be taking in its administration for therapeutic purposes especially when long-term usage is desired.
Keywords:
- LD50
- medicinal plant
- cellular pathology
- haematology
- Khaya senegalensis
How to Cite
Folarin, R. O., Omirinde, J. O., Gilbert, T. T., & Igbeneghu, C. (2023). Acute and Sub-chronic Toxicity of Aqueous Extract of Roots of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. in Mice and Rats Respectively. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 38(8), 33-46. https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i830601
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Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Natural products as sources of new drugs from 1981 to 2014. Journal of Natural Products. 2016; 79(3):629-661.
Rashed K, Ching-Wen C, Lung-Yuan W, Pen-Huang P. Hepatoprotective effect from Cedrela odorata and phytochemical profile. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Sciences. 2013;1(3):45-52.
Jadeja RN, Thounaojam MC, Ansarullah SV. et al. Toxicological evaluation and hepatoprotective potential of Clerodendron glandulosum. Coleb leaf extract. Human & experimental toxicology. 2011;30(1):63-70.
Yakubu MT, Bilbis LS, Lawal M, Akanji MA. 2003. Evaluation of selected parameters of rat liver and kidney function following repeated administration of yohimbine. Biochem, 2003;15:50-56.
Kolawole SO, Kolawole OT, Akanji MA, Effects of aqueous extract of Khaya senegalensis stem bark on biochemical and hematological parameters in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2011;6(6):602-607.
Okere AU, Adegeye A. In vitro propagation of an endangered medicinal timber species Khaya grandifoliola C. Dc. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2011:10(17):3335-3339.
Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Simons A. Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0 Disponível em; 2009.
Available:https://www.worldagroforestry.org/publication/agroforestree-database-tree-reference-and-selection-guide-version-40 Accessed on:14 October 2023.
Iwu MM. African medicinal plants (109-110). CRC Press, Maryland; 1993.
Onu A, Saidu Y, Ladan MJ, Bilbis LS, Aliero AA, Sahabi SM. Effect of aqueous stem bark extract of Khaya senegalensis on some biochemical, haematological, and histopathological parameters of rats. Journal of Toxicology. 2013;803835. Available:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/803835
Abdelgaleil SA, Iwagawa T, Doe M, Nakatani M. Antifungal limonoids from the fruits of Khaya senegalensis. Fitoterapia. 2004;75(6):566-572.
Von Maydell HJ. Trees and shrubs of Sahel-their characteristics and uses. GTZ. 6. MBH. Eschborn; 1986.
Aliyu FM, Kachallah M, Bulus Y, Goje FA, Amshi S, Bababe AB. Evaluation of combined effect of Azadirachta indica and Khaya senegalensis oils on common fastidious microorganisms. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 2018;7(2):183-186.
Mounkoro PP, Togola A, de Jong J, Diallo D, Paulsen BS, van’t Klooster C. Ethnobotanical survey of plants used by traditional health practitioners for treatment of schizophrenia Spectrum disorders in Bandiagara, mali, West Africa. Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2020;24:100402.
Lompo M, Nikiéma JB, Guissou IP, Moës AJ, Fontaine J. The topical antiinflammatory effect of chloroform extract from Khaya senegalensis stem barks. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives. 1998;12(6):448-450.
Lompo M, Guissou I, Dubois J, Dehaye JP, Ouédraogo A, Traore A, Some N. Mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of Khaya senegalensis A. Juss. (Meliaceae). International Journal of Pharmacology, 2007;3(2):137-142.
Ononamadu CJ, Alhassan AJ, Imam AA, Ibrahim A, Ihegboro GO, Owolarafe AT, Sule MS. In vitro and in vivo anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant activities of methanolic leaf extracts of Ocimum canum. Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine. 2019;10(2), 162–175. Available:https://doi.org/10.22088/cjim.10.2.162.
Atawodi SE, Olowoniyi OD, Adejo GO, Liman ML, Dubey NK. Review of the antioxidant potential of African medicinal and food plants. Plants as a Source of Natural Antioxidants. 2014;34.
Mohammed A, Ibrahim MA, Islam MS. African medicinal plants with antidiabetic potentials: A review. Planta Medica. 2014 ;80(05):354-377.
Takin MC, Attindehou S, Sezan A, Attakpa SE, Baba-Moussa L. Bioactivity, therapeutic utility and toxicological risks of Khaya senegalensis. Bioactivity, therapeutic utility and toxicological risks of Khaya senegalensis. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research. 2013;1(04):122-129. Available:https://doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.1.4.23
Tauheed AM, Mamman M, Ahmed A. et al. Acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies of four important Nigerian ethnomedicinal plants in rats. Clinical Phytoscience. 2021;7(1):1-12
Allah MOW, Alrasheid AA, Elamin AS. Phytochemical screening, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of leaves and bark extracts from Khaya senegalensis. Advances in Biochemistry. 2018;6(4):32-38.
Egwim EC, Badru AA, Ajiboye KO. Testing pawpaw (Carica papaya) leaves and African Mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) bark for antimalaria activities. NISEB Journal. 2002;2:37-39.
Fall AB, Vanhaelen-Fastré R, Vanhaelen M. et al. In vitro antisickling activity of a rearranged limonoid isolated from Khaya senegalensis. Planta Medica. 1999;65(03):209-212.
Sahu M, Singh V, Yadav S, Harris KK. Plant extracts with antisickling propensities: a feasible succour towards sickle cell disease management-a mini review. Journal of Phytology. 2012;4(3):24-29.
Ademola IO, Fagbemi BO, Idowu SO. Evaluation of the anthelmintic activity of Khaya senegalensis extract against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep: in vitro and in vivo studies. Veterinary Parasitology. 2004;122(2):151-164.
Khandelwal KR. Practical pharmacognosy: Techniques and experiments, 13th ed. Nirali Prakashan, Pune; 2005.
Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem. 1999; 64:555–559. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2.
Folarin RO, Omirinde JO, Azeez IA, Naanman JP. Morphophysiological changes in the liver of Wistar rats exposed to acute and chronic concentrations of Vitellaria paradoxa. Pan African Journal of Life Sciences. 2020;4(2):43-50.
Kankia HI, Zainab SA. Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of methanolic and ethanolic leaves, barks and roots crude extracts of Khaya Senegalensis. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication. 2015;5(1):1-6.
Adebayo JO, Yakubu MT, Egwim EC, Owoyele VB, Enaibe BU. Effect of ethanolic extract of Khaya senegalensis on some biochemical parameters of rat kidney. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003;88(1):69-72.
Nasri H, Shirzad H. Toxicity and safety of medicinal plants. J HerbMed Plarmacol. 2013;2(2):21-22.
Haq I. Safety of medicinal plants. Pak J Med Res. 2004;43(4):203-210.
Mainasara AS, Oduola T, Musa U, Mshelia AS, Muhammed AO, Ajayi AS. Effect of Vitellaria paradoxa stem bark ingestion on kidney functions in Wistar rats. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2016;11(2):1-8.
Waugh WH, Daeschner 3rd CW, Files BA, McConnell ME, Strandjord SE. Oral citrulline as arginine precursor may be beneficial in sickle cell disease: early phase two results. Journal of the National Medical Association. 2001;93(10):363.
Olafadehan OA, Olafadehan OO, Obun CO, et al. Influence of processing cassava peels on the hydrogen cyanide concentration, nutritive value and performance of growing rabbits. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2012; 44(2):285–291. Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-0016-x
Bamishaiye EI, Olayemi FE, Awagu EF, Bamshaiye OM. Proximate and phytochemical composition of Moringa oleifera leaves at three stages of maturation. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2011;3(4):233-237.
Adebayo AH, Abolaji AO, Opata TK, Adegbenro IK. Effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Chrysophyllum albidum G. on biochemical and haematological parameters of albino Wistar rats. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2010;9(14): 2145-2150.
Ilodigwe EE, Akah PA, Nworu CS, 2010. Evaluation of the acute and subchronic toxicities of ethanol leaf extract of Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. Int J Appl Res Nat Prod. 2010;3(2):17-21.
Wolff T, Strecker M. Endogenous and exogenous factors modifying the activity of human liver cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology. 1992;44(5):263-271.
Tchuente, T. Acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity studies of the leaves aqueous extract of Clerodendrum umbellatum Poir. on mice. American Journal of Physiology. 2018;7(2):75-85.
Ashafa AOT, Orekoya LO, Yakubu MT. Toxicity profile of ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica stem bark in male Wistar rats. Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine. 2012;2(10):811-817.
Friedman LS, Martin P, Munoz SJ. Liver function tests and the objective evaluation of the patient with liver disease. In: Zakin D, Boyer TD, Eds., Hepatology: A Textbook of Liver Disease, 3rd Edition, WB Saunders, Philadelphia;1996
Kaneko JJ. Serum proteins and the dysproteinemias. In Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. Academic press. 1997:117-138
Eckersall PD. Proteins, proteomics, and the dysproteinemias. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. 2008; 6:114-155.
Adeyemi OO, Akindele AJ, Nwumeh KI. Acute and subchronic toxicological assessment of Byrsocarpus coccineus Schum. and Thonn (Connaraceae) leaf aqueous extract. Planta Medica. 2008; 74:1-11.
Krishnaiah D, Devi T, Bono A, Sarbatly R. Studies on phytochemical constituents of six Malaysian medicinal plant, Res. 2009;3(2):67-72.
Kubmarawa D, Khan ME, Punah AM, Hassan M. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial efficacy of extracts from Khaya senegalensis against human pathogenic bacteria. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2008;7(24):4563-4566.
Lawal A, Adekunle VAJ, Onokpise OU. Biosystematics, morphological variability and status of the Genus Khaya in South West Nigeria. Applied Tropical Agriculture. 2016;21: 159-166.
Tauheed AM, Mamman M, Ahmed A, Suleiman MM, Balogun EO. In vitro and in vivo antitrypanosomal efficacy of combination therapy of Anogeissus leiocarpus, Khaya senegalensis and potash. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2020;258:112805.
Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Natural products as sources of new drugs from 1981 to 2014. Journal of Natural Products. 2016; 79(3):629-661.
Rashed K, Ching-Wen C, Lung-Yuan W, Pen-Huang P. Hepatoprotective effect from Cedrela odorata and phytochemical profile. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Sciences. 2013;1(3):45-52.
Jadeja RN, Thounaojam MC, Ansarullah SV. et al. Toxicological evaluation and hepatoprotective potential of Clerodendron glandulosum. Coleb leaf extract. Human & experimental toxicology. 2011;30(1):63-70.
Yakubu MT, Bilbis LS, Lawal M, Akanji MA. 2003. Evaluation of selected parameters of rat liver and kidney function following repeated administration of yohimbine. Biochem, 2003;15:50-56.
Kolawole SO, Kolawole OT, Akanji MA, Effects of aqueous extract of Khaya senegalensis stem bark on biochemical and hematological parameters in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2011;6(6):602-607.
Okere AU, Adegeye A. In vitro propagation of an endangered medicinal timber species Khaya grandifoliola C. Dc. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2011:10(17):3335-3339.
Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Simons A. Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0 Disponível em; 2009.
Available:https://www.worldagroforestry.org/publication/agroforestree-database-tree-reference-and-selection-guide-version-40 Accessed on:14 October 2023.
Iwu MM. African medicinal plants (109-110). CRC Press, Maryland; 1993.
Onu A, Saidu Y, Ladan MJ, Bilbis LS, Aliero AA, Sahabi SM. Effect of aqueous stem bark extract of Khaya senegalensis on some biochemical, haematological, and histopathological parameters of rats. Journal of Toxicology. 2013;803835. Available:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/803835
Abdelgaleil SA, Iwagawa T, Doe M, Nakatani M. Antifungal limonoids from the fruits of Khaya senegalensis. Fitoterapia. 2004;75(6):566-572.
Von Maydell HJ. Trees and shrubs of Sahel-their characteristics and uses. GTZ. 6. MBH. Eschborn; 1986.
Aliyu FM, Kachallah M, Bulus Y, Goje FA, Amshi S, Bababe AB. Evaluation of combined effect of Azadirachta indica and Khaya senegalensis oils on common fastidious microorganisms. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 2018;7(2):183-186.
Mounkoro PP, Togola A, de Jong J, Diallo D, Paulsen BS, van’t Klooster C. Ethnobotanical survey of plants used by traditional health practitioners for treatment of schizophrenia Spectrum disorders in Bandiagara, mali, West Africa. Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2020;24:100402.
Lompo M, Nikiéma JB, Guissou IP, Moës AJ, Fontaine J. The topical antiinflammatory effect of chloroform extract from Khaya senegalensis stem barks. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives. 1998;12(6):448-450.
Lompo M, Guissou I, Dubois J, Dehaye JP, Ouédraogo A, Traore A, Some N. Mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of Khaya senegalensis A. Juss. (Meliaceae). International Journal of Pharmacology, 2007;3(2):137-142.
Ononamadu CJ, Alhassan AJ, Imam AA, Ibrahim A, Ihegboro GO, Owolarafe AT, Sule MS. In vitro and in vivo anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant activities of methanolic leaf extracts of Ocimum canum. Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine. 2019;10(2), 162–175. Available:https://doi.org/10.22088/cjim.10.2.162.
Atawodi SE, Olowoniyi OD, Adejo GO, Liman ML, Dubey NK. Review of the antioxidant potential of African medicinal and food plants. Plants as a Source of Natural Antioxidants. 2014;34.
Mohammed A, Ibrahim MA, Islam MS. African medicinal plants with antidiabetic potentials: A review. Planta Medica. 2014 ;80(05):354-377.
Takin MC, Attindehou S, Sezan A, Attakpa SE, Baba-Moussa L. Bioactivity, therapeutic utility and toxicological risks of Khaya senegalensis. Bioactivity, therapeutic utility and toxicological risks of Khaya senegalensis. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research. 2013;1(04):122-129. Available:https://doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.1.4.23
Tauheed AM, Mamman M, Ahmed A. et al. Acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies of four important Nigerian ethnomedicinal plants in rats. Clinical Phytoscience. 2021;7(1):1-12
Allah MOW, Alrasheid AA, Elamin AS. Phytochemical screening, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of leaves and bark extracts from Khaya senegalensis. Advances in Biochemistry. 2018;6(4):32-38.
Egwim EC, Badru AA, Ajiboye KO. Testing pawpaw (Carica papaya) leaves and African Mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) bark for antimalaria activities. NISEB Journal. 2002;2:37-39.
Fall AB, Vanhaelen-Fastré R, Vanhaelen M. et al. In vitro antisickling activity of a rearranged limonoid isolated from Khaya senegalensis. Planta Medica. 1999;65(03):209-212.
Sahu M, Singh V, Yadav S, Harris KK. Plant extracts with antisickling propensities: a feasible succour towards sickle cell disease management-a mini review. Journal of Phytology. 2012;4(3):24-29.
Ademola IO, Fagbemi BO, Idowu SO. Evaluation of the anthelmintic activity of Khaya senegalensis extract against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep: in vitro and in vivo studies. Veterinary Parasitology. 2004;122(2):151-164.
Khandelwal KR. Practical pharmacognosy: Techniques and experiments, 13th ed. Nirali Prakashan, Pune; 2005.
Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem. 1999; 64:555–559. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2.
Folarin RO, Omirinde JO, Azeez IA, Naanman JP. Morphophysiological changes in the liver of Wistar rats exposed to acute and chronic concentrations of Vitellaria paradoxa. Pan African Journal of Life Sciences. 2020;4(2):43-50.
Kankia HI, Zainab SA. Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of methanolic and ethanolic leaves, barks and roots crude extracts of Khaya Senegalensis. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication. 2015;5(1):1-6.
Adebayo JO, Yakubu MT, Egwim EC, Owoyele VB, Enaibe BU. Effect of ethanolic extract of Khaya senegalensis on some biochemical parameters of rat kidney. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003;88(1):69-72.
Nasri H, Shirzad H. Toxicity and safety of medicinal plants. J HerbMed Plarmacol. 2013;2(2):21-22.
Haq I. Safety of medicinal plants. Pak J Med Res. 2004;43(4):203-210.
Mainasara AS, Oduola T, Musa U, Mshelia AS, Muhammed AO, Ajayi AS. Effect of Vitellaria paradoxa stem bark ingestion on kidney functions in Wistar rats. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2016;11(2):1-8.
Waugh WH, Daeschner 3rd CW, Files BA, McConnell ME, Strandjord SE. Oral citrulline as arginine precursor may be beneficial in sickle cell disease: early phase two results. Journal of the National Medical Association. 2001;93(10):363.
Olafadehan OA, Olafadehan OO, Obun CO, et al. Influence of processing cassava peels on the hydrogen cyanide concentration, nutritive value and performance of growing rabbits. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2012; 44(2):285–291. Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-0016-x
Bamishaiye EI, Olayemi FE, Awagu EF, Bamshaiye OM. Proximate and phytochemical composition of Moringa oleifera leaves at three stages of maturation. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2011;3(4):233-237.
Adebayo AH, Abolaji AO, Opata TK, Adegbenro IK. Effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Chrysophyllum albidum G. on biochemical and haematological parameters of albino Wistar rats. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2010;9(14): 2145-2150.
Ilodigwe EE, Akah PA, Nworu CS, 2010. Evaluation of the acute and subchronic toxicities of ethanol leaf extract of Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. Int J Appl Res Nat Prod. 2010;3(2):17-21.
Wolff T, Strecker M. Endogenous and exogenous factors modifying the activity of human liver cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology. 1992;44(5):263-271.
Tchuente, T. Acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity studies of the leaves aqueous extract of Clerodendrum umbellatum Poir. on mice. American Journal of Physiology. 2018;7(2):75-85.
Ashafa AOT, Orekoya LO, Yakubu MT. Toxicity profile of ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica stem bark in male Wistar rats. Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine. 2012;2(10):811-817.
Friedman LS, Martin P, Munoz SJ. Liver function tests and the objective evaluation of the patient with liver disease. In: Zakin D, Boyer TD, Eds., Hepatology: A Textbook of Liver Disease, 3rd Edition, WB Saunders, Philadelphia;1996
Kaneko JJ. Serum proteins and the dysproteinemias. In Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. Academic press. 1997:117-138
Eckersall PD. Proteins, proteomics, and the dysproteinemias. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. 2008; 6:114-155.
Adeyemi OO, Akindele AJ, Nwumeh KI. Acute and subchronic toxicological assessment of Byrsocarpus coccineus Schum. and Thonn (Connaraceae) leaf aqueous extract. Planta Medica. 2008; 74:1-11.
Krishnaiah D, Devi T, Bono A, Sarbatly R. Studies on phytochemical constituents of six Malaysian medicinal plant, Res. 2009;3(2):67-72.
Kubmarawa D, Khan ME, Punah AM, Hassan M. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial efficacy of extracts from Khaya senegalensis against human pathogenic bacteria. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2008;7(24):4563-4566.
Lawal A, Adekunle VAJ, Onokpise OU. Biosystematics, morphological variability and status of the Genus Khaya in South West Nigeria. Applied Tropical Agriculture. 2016;21: 159-166.
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