Modern Fungicides: Mechanisms of Action, Fungal Resistance and Phytotoxic Effects
Ekaterina V. Baibakova *
Industrial Ecology and Life Safety, The Faculty of Technology of Food Production, Volgograd State Technical University, Volgograd, Russian Federation.
Elena E. Nefedjeva
Industrial Ecology and Life Safety, The Faculty of Technology of Food Production, Volgograd State Technical University, Volgograd, Russian Federation.
Małgorzata Suska-Malawska
Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
Mateusz Wilk
Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
Galina A. Sevriukova
Industrial Ecology and Life Safety, The Faculty of Technology of Food Production, Volgograd State Technical University, Volgograd, Russian Federation.
Vladimir F. Zheltobriukhov
Industrial Ecology and Life Safety, The Faculty of Technology of Food Production, Volgograd State Technical University, Volgograd, Russian Federation.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The establishment of safe and effective methods for controlling fungal diseases is an urgent issue in agriculture and forestry. Fungicide research has provided a wide range of products with new modes of action. Extensive use of these compounds in agriculture enhances public anxiety due to the harmful potential for the environment and human health. Moreover, the phytotoxic effects of some fungicides are already recognized but still little is known about their influence on the photosynthetic apparatus and plant physiology. This review provides an understanding of the mechanisms of action of fungicides, mechanisms of fungicide resistance development, and the phenomenon of phytotoxicity.
Keywords: Contact fungicides, systemic fungicides, disease control, resistance