Annual Research & Review in Biology

Aquaculture in many parts of the world, particularly in West Africa, is increasingly challenged by the rising cost of fish feed, especially protein ingredients. Fishmeal remains the main protein source in aquafeeds due to its superior nutritional quality. However, its limited availability and sustainability challenges underscore the urgent need for alternative sources. Insects have emerged as promising candidates, offering high-quality protein and essential nutrients suitable for fish diets. This review summarizes the current state of insect use in aquafeed production and outlines key research perspectives. Among the most promising species, the housefly (Musca domestica, Diptera: Muscidae) and the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, Diptera: Stratiomyidae) are focused, which can be mass-reared from household level production to large scale industrial production. Other species such as mealworms, orthopterans (locusts, grasshoppers, and crickets), and silkworm pupae have also demonstrated potential based on their nutritional profiles and rearing efficiency. It is certain that, with insects' nutritional profiles, aquaculture would have a promising and sustainable future. Further research is required to optimize the nutritional evaluation and inclusion rates of insect meals in fish feed formulations.