Annual Research & Review in Biology

Natural dyes have re-emerged as sustainable alternatives to synthetic colorants due to increasing environmental concerns, consumer preference for eco-friendly products, and advancements in green technologies. The present article highlights the industrial applications, sustainability dimensions, emerging innovations, and future prospects of natural dyes across textile, food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and handicraft sectors. Natural dyes are extensively utilized in textiles because of their biodegradable nature, non-toxicity, antimicrobial properties, and compatibility with sustainable fashion initiatives. In the food industry, pigments such as curcumin, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and betalains serve as natural colorants with additional antioxidant and health-promoting benefits. Furthermore, natural dyes contribute significantly to environmental sustainability by reducing industrial pollution, promoting renewable resource utilization, and supporting circular economy approaches through waste. Socio-economic benefits including rural livelihood generation, preservation of indigenous knowledge, women empowerment, and promotion of artisanal industries further enhance their importance.  Emerging technologies such as microwave-assisted extraction, biotechnology, nanotechnology, and eco-certification systems are expected to strengthen commercialization and industrial scalability of natural dyes. Thus, natural dyes represent a promising pathway toward sustainable industrial development, green manufacturing, and circular bioeconomy systems.