Overview and Checklist of Parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae and Figitidae) of Anastrepha Fruit Flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) in the Brazilian Amazon
Maria do Socorro Miranda de Sousa
Universidade Federal do Amapá, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil.
Jhulie Emille Veloso dos Santos
Faculdade de Macapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil.
Dori Edson Nava
Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Roberto Antonio Zucchi
Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
Ricardo Adaime *
Embrapa Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Fruit-bearing plants in the Brazilian Amazon are mainly attacked by species of Anastrepha, of which about half are endemic to the region. However, tritrophic relations (fly/plant/parasitoid) have only been established for some 25% of the species of Anastrepha in the region. At present, 11 species of hymenopterous parasitoids (Braconidae and Figitidae) have been recorded in the Brazilian Amazon. Parasitoids in general, especially those of the family Braconidae, stand out as the most effective natural enemies of fruit flies of the genus Anastrepha. Doryctobracon areolatus is the most abundant parasitoid and it is associated with the largest number of Anastrepha species in the region. Some fruiting species, for example Bellucia grossularioides (L.) Triana and Geissospermum argenteum Woodson, have been studied aiming at biological control of fruit flies, because they act as reservoirs or multipliers of fruit fly parasitoids. Although research has advanced significantly in the past 20 years, there is a shortage of studies in nearly all states in the region, due to the huge area of the Brazilian Amazon.
Keywords: Biological control, diversity, parasitism, tritrophic relationships