Annual Research & Review in Biology

The health of both humans and animals is seriously threatened by emerging and re-emerging diseases. These illnesses put a strain on the nation's public health system, which in turn affects its economy. One of the factors contributing to the emergence of new diseases and the persistence of diseases that have already been discovered in the population is greater interaction among animal and human. Animal-human interaction has expanded as a result of globalisation, the ease of travel around the world, and urbanisation at the expense of forests. The emergence and re-emergence of illnesses are also caused by changes in the climate, human behaviour, the widening wealth and poverty divide, vaccine reluctance or decline, and the abuse or inappropriate use of antibiotics. Prevalence of commonly occurring emerging and re-emerging diseases are as follows: The overall prevalence of PPR was reported in Northern India as 44.05%, North-Eastern India as 14.5% and Southern India as 59%.FMD outbreaks were recorded highest in Southern region as 40%, followed by Eastern region (20.5%), North-Eastern region (18.3%), Northern region, Western region and Central region (6-8%). The overall seroprevalence of Glanders was reported in the range of 0.62% to 1.145%, Strangles had 37.5%and that of EIA ranged from 0.2% to 1.9%depending on the region and equine population. The overall prevalence of bovine tuberculosis was 7.3% and seroprevalence of Paratuberculosis in the domestic livestock was 23.1%. Prevalence of BVD, LSD and Bovine Babesiosis was reported as10-60%, 10-45% and 12-60% respectively. Case fatality rate of Swine Flu and Equine Influenza was reported at 1.7% and 10.64% respectively. Effective surveillance and implementation of control strategies would be the key factor in prevention of these diseases.