Annual Research & Review in Biology

Lower Guinea (Maritime Guinea) combines a humid coastal climate, forest and agroforestry resources, horticultural production, peri-urban markets and rural communities for which low-capital livestock and non-timber forest enterprises can be attractive. Beekeeping therefore has plausible livelihood, food-product, biodiversity and pollination value, yet the regional evidence base is unusually fragmented. This critical narrative review evaluates what can presently be concluded about beekeeping systems in Lower Guinea, the constraints that limit performance and the development pathways that are most defensible. Evidence was integrated from Guinean agricultural statistics and livestock diagnostics, Lower Guinea project records, peer-reviewed West African apiculture studies and broader African honey-bee research, with explicit attention to geographic transferability and methodological strength. The synthesis indicates a sector in transition rather than a consistently modernised industry. Traditional fixed-comb practices and wild-swarm dependence coexist with Kenyan top-bar and movable-comb interventions, but representative information on hive occupancy, colony retention, yield, profitability, disease status and beekeeper demographics is lacking. Official statistics contain substantial missingness and discontinuities and are organised by administrative regions that do not map cleanly onto the natural region, precluding robust regional trend estimation. The most consequential constraints are therefore not simply a shortage of hives. They include unreliable colony establishment, weak technical support, seasonal and landscape-dependent forage, destructive or poorly controlled harvesting practices, limited honey-quality assurance, fragmented markets, inadequate finance, and almost complete absence of systematic bee-health and genetic surveillance. Sustainable development should prioritise measurement before scale, locally adapted colony management, year-round forage and landscape stewardship, hygienic post-harvest systems, traceability, aggregation and market institutions, and explicit protection of locally adapted honey-bee diversity. The strongest near-term opportunity is to treat apiculture as a coupled production, ecosystem-management and rural-enterprise system, while evaluating interventions against colony survival, product quality, net income and habitat outcomes rather than hive distribution alone.